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What is Porcelain?

Mary McMahon
By
Updated May 17, 2024
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Porcelain is a very hard, translucent-white ceramic that has been manufactured in China since the 600s, and in Europe since the 1700s. Because it was associated with China and frequently used to make delicate plates, cups, vases, and other works of fine art, it is sometimes known as “fine china.” Some artisans make the distinction between hard paste porcelain, made in the traditional Chinese style, and soft paste porcelain, claiming that only soft paste is true china, but the terms are used interchangeably by most of the rest of the world.

Clays have been used to form dinnerware and fine art for centuries, and the roots of porcelain began in the Han Dynasty, when Chinese craftspeople first combined white kaolin clay with a type of ground granite and fired it at extremely high temperatures. The result was a resilient, translucent, resonant, beautiful piece of pottery. The technique was further refined during the Tang dynasty, around 6oo AD, to create strong, thin walls that were truly translucent. European adventurers were captivated with the unique and beautiful material, which looked drastically different from the stoneware then in production, and attempted to replicate it.

Early European results at duplicating the ceramic resulted in china, soft paste porcelain made with clays and silicates. In the 1700s, a German pottery company successfully made bone china, which closely resembles true porcelain, by mixing calcified bones, clay, and feldspar. Bone china is extremely durable and relatively easy to make, and has become a popular choice in many English speaking nations, although true porcelain is preferred in much of Europe and Asia. Britain and Germany both manufacture large amounts of both for use in Europe and for export to other nations.

Porcelain starts with a pale clay, such as china white, which has small, tight grains that are further ground so that they are even. Materials like glass, feldspar, and granite are ground with the clay before water is added to the mixture so that it can be worked. The clay is formed into the desired shape before being fired in a bisque kiln at moderate temperatures. After being bisqued, glazes are applied and the item is fired at a high temperature, resulting in a fused, strong piece of pottery that is delicate, translucent, and highly useful. In addition to being used for dinnerware, porcelain is also used to make electrical insulators, tile, bathroom fixtures, and false teeth.

About Mechanics is dedicated to providing accurate and trustworthy information. We carefully select reputable sources and employ a rigorous fact-checking process to maintain the highest standards. To learn more about our commitment to accuracy, read our editorial process.
Mary McMahon
By Mary McMahon

Ever since she began contributing to the site several years ago, Mary has embraced the exciting challenge of being a About Mechanics researcher and writer. Mary has a liberal arts degree from Goddard College and spends her free time reading, cooking, and exploring the great outdoors.

Discussion Comments
By anon320641 — On Feb 18, 2013

Who used porcelain in ancient china?

By anon241112 — On Jan 17, 2012

How did westerners adapt it?

By anon166010 — On Apr 06, 2011

How is porcelain made today?

By anon73047 — On Mar 25, 2010

how did porcelain change life in china?

By anon43615 — On Aug 31, 2009

very good!

By anon37670 — On Jul 21, 2009

what is the best way to know that the tile is porcelain not ceramics???? very important.

besides the idea that the clay should be white and the clay for ceramics is red. Please i need one real sign. thanks a lot. --mohd qasem jordan

By anon26809 — On Feb 19, 2009

how was porcelain made?

Ariana

Mary McMahon
Mary McMahon

Ever since she began contributing to the site several years ago, Mary has embraced the exciting challenge of being a...

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